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Overview
The Cytopathology Section of the Division of Anatomical Pathology focuses on diagnosing disease by examining cells.
These cells may be naturally shed from tissues or collected through procedures such as fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB).
The service includes a strong quality assurance program that compares cytology results with surgical pathology findings to support accurate diagnosis. The goal is to deliver timely, cost-effective and reliable results.
Fast facts
14,000
gynecological specimens (Pap tests) examined each year.
6,500
non-gynecological specimens examined each year.
3,200
fine needle aspiration biopsies.
Pap test
The Pap test has played a major role in reducing cervical cancer rates by detecting abnormal cells early. It is one of the few tests that can help prevent cancer, not just detect it.
At The Ottawa Hospital, we use liquid-based cytology for Pap testing. This method allows for HPV testing from the same sample when needed, reducing patient visits and procedures, minimizing anxiety and saving time and resources. Results are reported using the Bethesda System.
Non-Gynecologic Cytopathology
Non-gynecologic cytology is mainly used to diagnose cancer. Common sample types include:
- Body fluids (pleural, abdominal, pericardial).
- Cerebrospinal fluid.
- Sputum.
- Urine.
- Washings and brushings from areas such as the bronchus, esophagus and stomach.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)
FNAB is a quick, simple and cost-effective and accurate procedure used to diagnose cancer, as well as benign tumours and infections. It involves collecting cells using a fine needle, often from lumps in the breast, lymph nodes or soft tissue. Deep-seated lesions in organs like the lung, liver or pancreas are sampled under radiologic guidance, with cytotechnologists assessing sample adequacy.
Although it only takes a few minutes, FNAB provides valuable clinical information in over 90 per cent of cases and helps reduce the need for more invasive procedures. It is especially useful in evaluating thyroid nodules, often preventing unnecessary surgery.